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"Peacekeeping as a Tool of Foreign Policy" published on by Oxford University Press.

This book critically examines the response of the United Nations (UN) to the problem of sexual exploitation in UN Peace Support Operations. It assesses the Secretary-General{u2019}s Bulletin on Special Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (2003) (SGB) and its definition of sexual exploitation, which includes sexual relationships and prostitution. With reference to people affected by the policy (using the example of Bosnian women and UN peacekeepers), and taking account of both radical and {u2018}sex positive{u2019} feminist perspectives, the book finds that the inclusion of consensual sexual relationships and prostitution in the definition of sexual exploitation is not tenable. The book argues that the SGB is overprotective, relies on negative gender and imperial stereotypes, and is out of step with international human rights norms and gender equality. It concludes that the SGB must be revised in consultation with those affected by it, namely local women and peacekeepers, and must fully respect their human rights and freedoms, particularly the right to privacy and sexuality rights

Abstract
Almost three decades ago the United Nations (UN) entered an era of multi-dimensional peacekeeping operations, in which civilian and uniformed personnel work together. At the same time, human rights promotion became an integral part of such missions. Due to data limitations, there is little systematic knowledge about how civilian staff impacts human rights standards in the countries UN peacekeeping operations are deployed. I address this lacuna in two ways. First, I briefly outline the importance of civilian staff in UN peacekeeping operations and their roles in promoting human rights. Second, I provide explorative descriptive statistics on the number of civilian personnel in UN peacekeeping operations and the occurrence of violence against civilians committed by state forces.

Much of the quantitative conflict resolution literature focuses on peacemaking efforts aimed at resolving international conflict or civil wars that involve state forces, while ignoring non-state conflict between communal groups, rebel groups, or militias. This article aims to contribute to filling this gap in research. I first put forward a typology of non-state conflicts, based two dimensions: (1) whether the conflictissues are local or national; and (2) whether the conflict parties receiveexternal support or not. Next, I provide some descriptive statistics on the conclusion of peace agreements in non-state conflicts, which suggest that in locations of peacekeeping operations, the involvement of peacekeeping staff in negotiations makes these negotiations more likely to end in the conclusion of an agreement. The article considers several possible causal mechanism that drive this effectiveness, including the arranging of logistics, the provision of security, and mitigating biases of relevant stakeholders.

A strong partnership between the United Nations (UN) and the African Union (AU) is essential to achieving strategic convergence and coherence as well as effective solutions to complex peace and security challenges in Africa. In this article, the author examines the UN-AU peacekeeping nexus through research onpeacekeeping operations in Africaand analyzesthe key challenges in the UN-AU partnership for peacekeeping, including:the lack of clear regulation of actions in conflict despite attempts to develop common approaches to peacekeeping by the UN and the AU; the necessity of establishing equal, full and constructive participation of women in the peacekeeping process; and the problems in the relationship between the UN Security Council (UNSC) and the Peace and Security Council of the AU. The main objective of this article isto analyze the institutional structure of the African peace and security architecture, the evolution of the UN-AU partnership through the implementation of joint peacekeeping missions, and the challenges to their cooperation, as well as to assess the effectiveness of UN-AU cooperation. Based on a structural analysis of the African security architecture, quantitative methods of assessment,and comparative analysis of the UN and the AU statistics on partnership peacekeeping, as well as onwomen's participation in peacekeeping operations in Africa from 2003 to 2019, and the voting patterns of the A3 (Niger, South Africa and Tunisia) countries to UNSC resolutions on African peacekeeping, the author concludes that there is a direct correlation between the deteriorating security situation in Africa and the level of strategic partnership between the UN and the AU, and that, in the long term, the priority will be to help national governments to prevent the causes of conflicts, which will make it possible to take into account the local specificities of African states in resolving and preventing conflicts.

Almost 20 years after the adoption of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325), it remains an important instrument in feminist lobbying and gender-sensitive peacekeeping. While the resolution is considered a major step towards protecting women's rights in conflict zones and contributing to gender just peace, criticism is widespread and questions remain about its impact beyond statistics. This report takes a closer look by investigating the ways that UNSCR 1325 has been conceptualized and put into practice in the South African National Defence Force. South Africa is deploying a relatively high proportion of female peacekeepers, but shortcomings of UNSCR 1325, specifically related to gender essentialisms, have affected discourses within the armed forces. While this has led to contradictions and contestations concerning sameness and difference among male and female peacekeepers, the study also reveals a critical engagement with military peacekeeper masculinities, pointing towards a surpassing of the limited premise of UNSCR 1325.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi faktor penyebab tetap terjadinya eksploitasi dan pelecehan seksual yang dilakukan oleh pasukan perdamaian PBB terhadap perempuan lokal di negara konflik. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis gender, pendekatan kualitatif dan studi literatur. Hal yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini yakni kebijakan PBB mengenai pelarangan beragam jenis relasi seksual pasukan perdamaian PBB dan perempuan lokal, data laporan tuduhan eksploitasi dan pelecehan seksual yang disampaikan penduduk, dan Indeks Perempuan, Perdamaian, dan Keamanan (WPS Index) dari negara pengirim dan penerima pasukan perdamaian PBB. Penelitian ini berargumen bahwa dalam penugasan misi perdamaian, terdapat aspek gender yang diabaikan oleh PBB, yakni budaya patriarki di kedua kelompok negara, pandangan hyper-masculinism para pasukan militer, dan tujuan berdimensi gender dari negara pengirim yang ingin membentuk dan mempertontonkan identitas mereka sebagai pelindung. Penelitian ini menyarankan kepada PBB agar mengkaji WPS Index negara pengirim sebelum menerima pasukan perdamainnya. Kata Kunci: Analisis Gender, Eksploitasi dan Pelecehan Seksual, Pasukan Perdamaaian PBB, WPS Index ; This study aims to explore the factors that lead to the persistence of sexual exploitation and abuse against local women by UN peacekeeping personnel. The study applies gender analysis and employs a qualitative approach and literature review. This study contrasts the UN policies to prohibit sexual relations in peacekeeping missions and the statistics of sexual misconduct allegations, then examines the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) Index of both contributing and host countries. The paper argues that in deploying the missions the UN overlooks the gender aspects, such as the patriarchal cultures in the host and contributing countries, the hyper-masculine ideas of the military troops, and the gendered intention of the contributing countries to form and perform their identity as the protector. This study suggests the UN assess the WPS Index of the Member States before welcoming their peace forces. Keywords: Gender Analysis, Sexual Exploitation, and Abuse, UN Peacekeeping Missions, WPS Index

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the United Nations peacekeeping field hospitals where medical supply and manpower are extremely insufficient. METHODS: A level II hospital was deployed in Wau, South Sudan, as the regional referral centre of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). It had a total strength of 63 personnel with 47 medical staff (average age 38.3±8.0 years, 33 men). A new 'appointment–triage–disinfection' work pattern was adopted to cope with the COVID-19 outbreak in the mission. Data on medical service statistics and workload before/after the outbreak were collected and compared. The mental health of staff was analysed from the quarterly psychological survey, including Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)-10, Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9. RESULTS: The number of outpatients decreased slightly after the COVID-19 outbreak (41.9±11.9 to 37.6±11.8 per week, p=0.49), whereas the weekly hospital length of stay of inpatients increased significantly (0.4±1.0 to 3.1±3.9 days, p=0.02). Total weekly working hours increased from 1884.9±34.1 to 2023.5±67.3 hours (p<0.001). Elevated mental stress (PSS-10: 4.3±2.4 in February to 7.5±3.9 in May, p<0.001; GAD-7: 4.0±2.3 to 9.4±4.0, p<0.001; PHQ-9: 2.1±1.2 to 3.2±2.4, p<0.001) was documented among healthcare providers after the outbreak. The threat of COVID-19 infection, delay in rotation and family-related concerns constituted the main stressors. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 imposes a huge pressure on peacekeeping field hospitals. Increased workload and mental stress among frontline healthcare providers deserve the attention of UNMISS officials. Facilitating the rotation of the medical staff might potentially improve the operational readiness of the hospital by bringing in well-trained personnel and sufficient medical supplies.

Program. This study investigated the relationships between Reservist leaders' attitudes and Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Theory (SLT), and Thomas's Integrative Model of Intrinsic Motivation during a 2004 Sinai, Egypt, peacekeeping mission. Methodology. This descriptive study provided quantitative and qualitative results. Three instruments were used with a convenience sample of leaders within one forward-deployed National Guard infantry battalion. The LEADSelf instrument determined the SLT style of unit officers and non-commissioned officers. The Thomas Empowerment Survey profiled participants' intrinsic motivation. A researcher-developed survey determined preferences for intrinsic versus extrinsic motivator factors. The study centered on the following issues: (1) Are the participants satisfied with their involvement in the National Guard and the peacekeeping mission? (2) Is there a significant relationship between intrinsic levels of motivation as measured by Thomas's model and volunteerism (or hypothetical volunteerism) in the participants? (3) Are the participants motivated by intrinsic or extrinsic factors to take part in the study peacekeeping operation? Results. Seventy-four percent of the respondents to the SLT survey reported a high task and high relationship S2 "Selling" leadership style. Less than 10% of the respondents felt high levels of intrinsic motivation in the areas of Choice, Competence, and Progress as measured by the Thomas scale. Similarly, 22% of the respondents reported a high sense of Meaningfulness. Regarding the research hypotheses, no significant relationships could be established between volunteerism/hypothetical volunteerism and Thomas's intrinsic factors using chi-square statistics. However, there was qualitative support for this relationship. The ultimate desire of the study was to see whether intrinsic or extrinsic factors held greater sway on these Reserve soldiers in a peacekeeping environment. What motivated them? Soldiers preferred intrinsic factors over extrinsic factors. They also reported displeasure when these intrinsic factors were absent. Conclusions. (1) There was no quantitative support for the research questions studying relationships between volunteerism/hypothetical volunteerism and Thomas's intrinsic motivation factors. (2) However, qualitative support suggested that soldiers are intrinsically motivated to participate in peacekeeping operations and the National Guard in general. (3) Respondents indicated they could be both dissatisfied and satisfied in aspects of their military career and the Sinai peacekeeping mission.

The article analyzes the needs for human resources development for peacekeeping activity based upon statistics data as to the personnel number engaged in peacekeeping missions, method of anticipation, service peculiarities in peacekeeping missions, changes in economic and political situation of the state. Elements of the development strategies of specialized higher educational establishments are presented. The scientific and methodical approach to stimulate employees to combat and everyday service through vocational training and education has been improved. Modeling of decision-making process in pre-deployment training of military and police peacekeeping personnel is suggested. ; За допомогою статистичних даних чисельності залучення особового складу до миротворчої діяльності, використання методу прогнозування, виявлення особливостей проходження служби у місіях, змін в економічній та політичній обстановці держави проаналізовано потреби у розвитку людських ресурсів для їх використання у миротворчій діяльності. Подано елементи стратегії розвитку спеціальних вищих навчальних закладів. Запропоновано модель процесу прийняття рішення на підготовку військовослужбовців та правоохоронців до миротворчої діяльності.

The 2013 Annual Review of Global Peace Operations provides comprehensive information on all current military and--for the first time--civilian peace operations, more than 130 missions, launched by the United Nations, by regional organizations, and by coalitions. Unique in its breadth of coverage, it presents the most detailed collection of data on peace operations available. Features of the 2013 volume include: An analysis of the strategic and political implications of shifting trends in conflict for the leadership of both civilian and military peace operations; a review of the deterrent effect of peace operations; a summary analysis of trends and developments in peace operations in 2012; concise analyses of all peacekeeping and political missions on the ground in 2012; and in-depth explorations of key missions, focusing on those that faced significant challenges or underwent major developments in 2012. Includes extensive full-color maps, figures, and photographs.

Intro -- Book Title -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Mission Acronyms -- Map of Global Peace Operations, 2010 -- Director's Comment -- Strategic Summary 2010 -- 1 Peacekeeping's Transitional Moment -- 2 Mission Reviews -- 2.1 Chad and the Central African Republic -- 2.2 Democratic Republic of Congo -- 2.3 Haiti -- 2.4 Liberia -- 2.5 Sudan -- 2.6 Timor-Leste -- 3 Mission Notes -- 3.1 Afghanistan -- 3.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 3.3 Côte d'Ivoire -- 3.4 Cyprus -- 3.5 Georgia -- 3.6 Kosovo -- 3.7 Middle East -- 3.8 Moldova-Transdniestria -- 3.9 Solomon Islands -- 3.10 Somalia -- 3.11 Western Sahara -- 4 Global Statistics on UN-Commanded Missions -- 5 Global Statistics on Non-UN-Commanded Missions -- 6 UN Mission-by-Mission Statistics -- 6.1 MINURCAT -- 6.2 MINURSO -- 6.3 MINUSTAH -- 6.4 MONUSCO/MONUC -- 6.5 UNAMID -- 6.6 UNDOF -- 6.7 UNFICYP -- 6.8 UNIFIL -- 6.9 UNMIK -- 6.10 UNMIL -- 6.11 UMMIS -- 6.12 UNMIT -- 6.13 UNMOGIP -- 6.14 UNOCI -- 6.15 UNTSO -- Index -- About the Book.

A strong partnership between the United Nations (UN) and the African Union (AU) is essential to achieve strategic convergence, coherence and effective solutions to Africa's complex peace and security challenges. This article analyzes the key challenges in the UN - AU partnership for peacekeeping, including the UN - AU frameworks, policies and strategies in implementing the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda to establish equal, full and constructive participation of women in the peacekeeping process. The authors identify key challenges in the UN - AU partnership for peacekeeping and assess the effectiveness of the mechanisms and tools of this partnership in the field of maintaining peace and security. The implementation of the WPS agenda in Africa in 2003-2022 is discussed in detail. The empirical basis for the research was drawn from the UN peacekeeping website database, official AU documents, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) and United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolutions, and AU and UN statistics on the gender composition of key UN peacekeeping missions during the period under review. This study employs quantitative methods of assessment and comparative analysis of UN and the AU statistics on women's participation in African peacekeeping from 2003 to 2022. It focuses on the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) as a case study. The article concludes that there is a direct link between the deteriorating security situation in Africa, the effective implementation of the WPS agenda, and the level of strategic partnership between the UN and the AU.